Using the principles and techniques of natural science, mathematics, and engineering, oceanographers study the movements, physical properties, and plant and animal life of the oceans. They make observations, conduct experiments, and collect specimens at sea that are later analyzed in laboratories. Their work contributes to improving weather forecasting, locating fishing, locating petroleum and mineral resources, and improving national defense.
Most oceanographers specialize in one branch of the science. Marine biologists study plant and animal life in the ocean to determine the effects of pollution on marine life. Their work is also important in improving and controlling sport and commercial fishing. Marine geologists study underwater mountain ranges, rocks, and sediments of the oceans to locate regions where minerals, oil, and gas may be found. Other oceanographic specialists study the relationship between the sea and the atmosphere and the chemical composition of ocean water and sediments. Others with engineering or electronics training design and build instruments for oceanographic research, lay cables, and supervise underwater construction.
Many oceanographers work for colleges and universities. In addition to holding teaching positions, they take part in research projects sponsored by universities at sea and in facilities along U.S. coasts.
The U.S. Navy and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration employ oceanographers. State fisheries employ a few. An increasing number of oceanographers are being employed by private industry, particularly in aquaculture, chemical firms, construction, and oceanographic equipment manufacturers.
Related jobs are chemist, geologist, geophysicist, life scientist, and meteorologist.
Places of Employment and Working Conditions
Most oceanographers work in the states that border the ocean, such as California, Maryland, and Virginia.
Oceanographers engaged in research that requires sea voyages are often away from home for long periods of time, and they may have to live and work in cramped quarters.
Qualifications, education, and training
Anyone interested in this career field should have curiosity and the patience necessary to collect data and do research.
High school should include as many science and mathematics courses as possible. Hobbies or summer jobs that involve boating or ocean fishing are helpful.
A bachelor's degree with a major in oceanography, chemistry, biology, earth or physical sciences, mathematics, or engineering is the first step for a would-be oceanographer and is sufficient for entry-level jobs such as research assistant.
Graduate training in oceanography or a basic science is required for most jobs in research and training and for all top-level positions; a Ph.D. is required for many. Graduate students usually spend part of their time at sea conducting experiments and learning the techniques of gathering oceanographic information.
Potential and Advancement
There are about 3,600 people employed as oceanographers. This is a relatively small field, and there will be competition for any available job openings. Those who combine training in other scientific or engineering fields with oceanography will have the best chances for employment.
Oceanographers with advanced degrees and experience can advance to administrative or supervisory positions in research laboratories. They may also advance by becoming directors of surveys or research programs.
Income
Oceanographers employed by colleges and universities receive the same salaries as other faculty members. In addition, they may earn extra income from consulting, lecturing, and writing.
According to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the average yearly salary for experienced oceanographers is about $33,254.
Additional Sources of Information
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Great Lakes Research Division University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109
U.S. Civil Service Commission Washington, Washington DC 20415
International Oceanographic Foundation, Miami, FL 33149
