In general terms, geophysicists study the earth-its composition and physical aspects and its electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields. They usually specialize in one of three general phases of the science-solid earth, fluid earth, or upper atmosphere-and some also study other planets.
Solid earth geophysicists search for oil and mineral deposits, map the earth's surface, and study earthquakes. This field includes exploration geophysicists, who use seismic prospecting techniques (sound waves) to locate oil and mineral deposits; seismologists, who study the earth's interior and earth vibrations caused by earthquakes and human-engineered explosions, explore for oil and minerals, and provide information for use in constructing bridges, dams, and large buildings (by determining where bedrock is located in relation to the surface); and geologists, who study the size, shape, and gravitational field of the earth and other planets and whose principal task is the precise measurement of the earth's surface.
Hydrologists are concerned with the fluid earth. They study the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of underground and surface waters including glaciers, snow, and permafrost. Those who are concerned with water supplies, irrigation, flood control, and soil erosion, study rainfall and its rate of infiltration into the soil. Oceanographers are also sometimes classified as geophysical scientists.
Geophysicists who study the earth's atmosphere and electric and magnetic fields and compare them with other planets include geomagneticians, who study the earth's magnetic field; paleomagneticians, who study rocks and lava flows to learn about past magnetic fields; and planetologists, who study the composition and atmosphere of the moon, planets, and other bodies in the solar system. They gather data from geophysical instruments placed on interplanetary space probes or from equipment used by astronauts during the Apollo missions. Meteorologists sometimes are also classified as geophysical scientists.
Most geophysicists work in private industry chiefly for petroleum and natural gas companies. Others are in mining, exploration, and consulting firms or in research institutes. A few are independent consultants doing geophysical prospecting on a fee or contract basis.
A number of geophysicists work for the federal government mainly in the Geological Survey, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense. Other employers are colleges and universities, state governments, and research institutions. Some geophysicists are also employed by American firms overseas.
New geophysicists usually begin their careers doing field mapping or exploration. Some assist senior geophysicists in research work.
Places of Employment and Working Conditions
In the United States, many geophysicists are employed in southwestern and western states and along the Gulf Coast where large oil and natural gas fields are located.
Many geophysicists work outdoors and must be willing to travel for ex-tended periods. Some work at research stations in remote areas or aboard ships and aircraft. When not in the field, geophysicists work in modern, well-equipped laboratories and offices.
Qualifications, Education, and Training
Geophysicists should be curious, analytical, and able to communicate effectively and should like to work as part of a team.
High school courses should include as many science courses as possible and mathematics.
A bachelor's degree in geophysics or in a geophysical specialty is acceptable for most beginning jobs. A bachelor's degree in a related field of science or engineering is also adequate, provided courses in geophysics, physics, geology, mathematics, chemistry, and engineering have been included.
About 75 colleges and universities award a bachelor's degree in geophysics. Other training programs offered include geophysical technology, geophysical engineering, engineering geology, petroleum geology, and geodesy.
More than 60 universities grant master's and Ph.D. degrees in geophysics. Geophysicists doing research or supervising exploration should have graduate training in geophysics or a related science, and those planning to do basic research or teach at the college level need a Ph.D. degree.
Potential and Advancement
The number of qualified geophysicists will fall short of requirements if present trends continue. As known deposits of petroleum and other minerals are depleted, petroleum and mining companies will need increasing numbers of geophysicists to find less accessible fuel and mineral deposits. In addition, geophysicists with advanced training will be needed to research alternate energy sources such as geothermal power (use of steam from the earth's interior) and to study solar and cosmic radiation and radioactivity. Federal agencies are also expected to hire more geophysicists for research and development in the earth sciences, energy research, and environmental protection.
Geophysicists with experience can advance to jobs such as project leader or program manager. Some achieve management positions or go into research.
Income
Geophysicists earn relatively high salaries.
Additional Sources of Information
American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009
Society of Exploration Geophysicists P.O. Box 70240 Tulsa, OK 74170
